What is the value of hope?

Hope Theory was developed by Charles Snyder in 1991. He said that hope consists of agency (the will) and pathways (the way) to stay motivated.

Having goals is not enough. Hope provides the attitude to make things happen. In hopelessness, people give up.

People without hope can act helpless and feel a lack of control over their lives.

What is productive confusion?

A 2012 study from the University of Notre Dame, University of Memphis, and University of Munich found that confused learners can learn more effectively than leaners who are spoon fed new information.

Many people, when confused, give up. But confused learners who take the effort and time to clarify ideas, learn and remember more effectively.

The key is that learners are productively confused, not hopelessly confused. The information must not deliberately be presented in a way that would never ever make sense.

People who want to learn must accept the challenge offered by confusion, must be willing to risk failure, and also be able to manage negative emotion.